LANDSCAPING AND IMPROVEMENT OF CITIES

With the growth of the city, the development of its industry, the problem of environmental protection, the creation of normal conditions for human life and activity becomes more and more complex. In recent decades, the negative human impact on the environment and, in particular, on green spaces has increased. The problem of green areas (urban parks, forests, gardens, meadows) is one of the most important environmental problems in the city. Vegetation, as an environment-restoring system, ensures the comfort of living conditions for people in the city, regulates (within certain limits) the gas composition of the air and the degree of its pollution, the climatic characteristics of urban areas, reduces the influence of the noise factor and is a source of aesthetic recreation for people; it is of great importance for a person.

Greening of the city is a complex of works on the creation and use of green spaces. In urban planning, landscaping is an integral part of the overall complex of measures for planning, building and landscaping. It is of great importance in human life, has an impact on the environment. The types of planting plants for urban landscaping were developed by landscape designers several centuries ago, and little has changed during this time. As before, the main types are ordinary and alley tree plantings, groups (curtains), tapeworms, hedges, rabatki, trellises, lawns.

Alley plantings are used for landscaping parks and streets. In this method, trees are planted in two parallel lines along the paths at the same distance from each other. The trees in the alley method must be of the same age so that the alley turns out to be smooth and uniform. Tree species are usually used the same, but in some cases it is also appropriate to plant two or three different species.

Ordinary planting is the simplest and most common method in which trees or shrubs are planted in one line along the paths or along the perimeter of the sites. Almost on any street in any city, you can find this type of landing.

A group, or curtain, consists of several trees planted artificially in an open place. A group can be of one type-from one type of tree or shrub, mixed from trees, mixed from shrubs and complex, consisting of trees and shrubs at the same time. Sometimes groups include perennial flower plants.

Single plantings, or tapeworms, are designed in open spaces to decorate small areas. For them, they use beautifully flowering shrubs — rose, lilac, jasmine or trees with an original color and shape of the crown — blue firs, linden trees, oaks.

Hedges are usually made of shrubs and used for fencing plots, flower beds, lawns, recreation areas or for decorative purposes. Protective fences are usually created from thorny shrubs, their height can reach 1-2 meters. Decorative hedges are much smaller in height, for example, the height of the curb is less than 0.5 m.

Lawn is the most common type of landscaping of urban areas. There are lawns almost everywhere — in residential areas, in public areas, and on the territories of enterprises. There are 3 types of lawns for landscaping — ordinary, parterre and annual Moorish.

In addition to the mentioned types of planting, well-known flower beds, flower beds and flower beds are also used for landscaping urban areas. At the same time, the choice of the type of landscaping depends on which territory is being worked with. It is unlikely that a curtain of large trees will be appropriate on a small street, and in a park with extensive free spaces — a small single flower bed. In most cases, specialists combine several types of plantings, resulting in a harmoniously formed space in which all the elements are connected not only with each other, but also with urban development.

In the conditions of the city, two types of landscaping are used: stationary and mobile. Stationary gardening is the usual planting of plants in the ground, while mobile plants are planted in special mobile containers — flowerpots, containers. Both of these types are equally used to create architectural and landscape objects: gardens, flower beds, squares, indoor playgrounds with flowers and trees. Stationary and mobile landscaping is arranged on natural and artificial terrain elements, roofs and even facades of buildings.